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• Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) bacteria, which were discovered in waste-water sludge in the early 1990s, have the unique metabolic ability to combine ammonium and nitrite or nitrate to form nitrogen gas.

• The anammox process is currently used to remove ammonium from wastewater and contributes significantly to the loss of fixed nitrogen from the oceans. In this chapter, we focus on the ecophysiology of anammox bacteria and describe new methodologies to grow these microorganisms.

• DEMON® Anammox Treatment Technology DEMON® Anammox Treatment Technology is the continuous or SBR deammonification process utilizing granular anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (anammox) biomass for aiding in reduction of high strength ammonia from side stream solids dewatering facilities reject flows.

The ANAMMOX ® conversion is an elegant shortcut in the natural nitrogen cycle. Anammox bacteria convert ammonium (NH 4+) and nitrite (NO 2-) into nitrogen gas. Paques developed the process for commercial purposes in cooperation with Delft University of Technology and the University of Nijmegen.

DEMON® Anammox Treatment Technology DEMON® Anammox Treatment Technology is the continuous or SBR deammonification process utilizing granular anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria (anammox) biomass for aiding in reduction of high strength ammonia from side stream solids dewatering facilities reject flows.

The bacteria that perform the anammox process are genera that belong to the bacterial phylum Planctomycetes. The anammox bacteria all possess one anammoxosome, a lipid bilayer membrane-bound compartment inside the cytoplasm in which the anammox process takes place.

Anammox bacteria are slow growing; their doubling time ranges from one to several weeks depending on the growth conditions. Therefore, anammox bacteria cannot be cultivated using standard microbiological techniques such as plating.